Principle/Characteristics and Application of Ultrasonic Sensor

Commonly used ultrasonic sensors are composed of piezoelectric wafers, which can both transmit and receive ultrasonic waves. Low-power ultrasonic probes are mostly used for detection. It has many different structures, which can be divided into straight probe (longitudinal wave), oblique probe (transverse wave), surface wave probe (surface wave), Lamb wave probe (Lamb wave), dual probe (one probe transmitting, one probe receiving) Wait. Ultrasonic sensors are sensors that convert ultrasonic signals into other energy signals (usually electrical signals). Ultrasound is a mechanical wave whose vibration frequency is higher than 20KHz. It has the characteristics of high frequency, short wavelength, small diffraction phenomenon, especially good directionality, which can become a ray and propagate in a direction. Ultrasound has a great ability to penetrate liquids and solids, especially in solids that are opaque to sunlight. When the ultrasonic wave encounters impurities or interfaces, it will produce significant reflection to form an echo, and when it encounters a moving object, it can produce the Doppler effect. Ultrasonic sensors are widely used in industry, national defense, biomedicine, etc. A sensor is a device or device that can sense the specified measured object and convert it into a usable signal according to a certain law, usually composed of a sensitive element and a conversion element. A sensor is a detection device that can sense the measured information, and can transform the sensed information into electrical signals or other required forms of information output according to certain rules, so as to meet the requirements of information transmission, processing, storage, Display, record and control requirements. It is the first link to realize automatic detection and automatic control. At present, there is no unified classification method for sensors, but the following three are commonly used: 1. According to the physical quantity of the sensor, it can be divided into sensors such as displacement, force, speed, temperature, flow rate, gas composition, etc. 2. Work according to the sensor Principle classification, can be divided into resistance, capacitance, inductance, voltage, Hall, photoelectric, grating, thermocouple and other sensors. 3. According to the nature of the sensor output signal, it can be divided into: switch-type sensor whose output is switch quantity ('1' and '0' or 'on' and 'off'); output is analog sensor; output is pulse or Code digital sensor. Basic introduction of ultrasonic sensor Ultrasonic sensor is a sensor developed by using the characteristics of ultrasonic waves. Using ultrasonic waves as a detection method, ultrasonic waves must be generated and received. The device that accomplishes this function is an ultrasonic sensor, which is customarily called an ultrasonic transducer, or an ultrasonic probe. The ultrasonic probe is mainly composed of piezoelectric wafers, which can not only transmit ultrasonic waves, but also receive ultrasonic waves. The core of an ultrasound probe is a piezoelectric wafer in its plastic or metal jacket. The materials that make up the wafer can be of many kinds. The main materials of ultrasonic sensors are piezoelectric crystal (electrostrictive) and nickel-iron-aluminum alloy (magnetostrictive). Electrostrictive materials include lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and the like. The ultrasonic sensor composed of piezoelectric crystals is a reversible sensor. It can convert electrical energy into mechanical oscillations to generate ultrasonic waves. At the same time, when it receives ultrasonic waves, it can also be converted into electrical energy, so it can be divided into transmitters or receivers. Some ultrasonic sensors can both transmit and receive. Ultrasonic sensor consists of sending sensor (or wave transmitter), receiving sensor (or wave receiver), control part and power supply part. The transmitter sensor is composed of a transmitter and a ceramic vibrator transducer with a diameter of about 15mm. The function of the transducer is to convert the electrical vibration energy of the ceramic vibrator into super energy and radiate it into the air; while the receiving sensor is transduced by the ceramic vibrator. The transducer is composed of a transducer and an amplifying circuit. The transducer receives the wave to generate mechanical vibration, converts it into electrical energy, and serves as the output of the sensor receiver, so as to detect the transmitted ultrasonic waves. The control part mainly controls the pulse chain frequency, duty cycle, sparse modulation and counting and detection distance sent by the transmitter. Ultrasonic sensor working principle Ultrasonic sensor is a sensor developed by using the characteristics of ultrasonic waves. Sound waves are the form of propagation of the mechanical vibration state of an object. Ultrasound refers to sound waves with a vibration frequency greater than 20,000 Hz. The number of vibrations per second is very high, which exceeds the upper limit of human hearing. People call this inaudible sound wave ultrasonic. Ultrasound is a mechanical oscillation in an elastic medium, and there are two forms: transverse oscillation (transverse wave) and longitudinal oscillation (longitudinal wave). Longitudinal oscillations are mainly used in industrial applications. Ultrasound can propagate in gases, liquids and solids with different propagation speeds.
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